Fleece neck gaiters and bandanas are least effective at stopping COVID-19 droplets, study finds

By | August 18, 2020
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A laser beam is expanded vertically by a cylindrical lens and shined through slits in the enclosure. The camera is located at the back of the box, a hole for the speaker in the front. The inset shows scattering for water particles from a spray bottle with the front of the box removed. Martin Fischer, Duke University

The study confirmed that N95 masks without valves are most effective at stopping the spread of COVID-19, with just 0.1 per cent of droplets escaping compared to the same speaker with no mask. Surgical masks came in second with one per cent. However, given that these masks are needed most by hospital workers, the researchers also looked at a variety of homemade masks and other common face coverings.

The study found that many homemade masks perform well. A polypropylene/cotton blend mask released just five per cent of droplets and most of the pleated cotton masks tested released less than 20 per cent of droplets. But the results varied, proving the need for more testing of commonly worn face masks, the researchers said.

Relative droplet transmission through the corresponding mask. Each solid data point represents the mean and standard deviation over 10 trials for the same mask, normalized to the control trial (no mask), and tested by one speaker. The hollow data points are the mean and standard deviations of the relative counts over four speakers. ScienceAdvances

A knitted mask provided less protection than any of the cotton ones and a bandana only cut the number of droplets in half. Surprisingly, a fleece neck gaiter actually increased the number of droplets expelled to 110 per cent.

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“We attribute this to the fleece, the textile, breaking up those big particles into many little particles. They tend to hang around longer in the air, they can get carried away easier in the air, so this might actually be counter-productive to wear such a mask,” Fischer said in a video released by the university.

The time evolution of the droplet count (left axis) is shown for representative examples, marked with the corresponding color in (A): No mask (green), Bandana (red), cotton mask (orange), and surgical (blue – not visible on this scale). The cumulative droplet count for these cases is also shown (right axis). ScienceAdvances

“We certainly encourage everyone to wear a mask, but we want to make sure that when you wear a mask and you go to the trouble of making a mask, you make one, or wear one that actually helps not just you, but helps everyone.”

The idea for the study came after Eric Westman, an Associate Professor of Medicine at Duke University, started working with a local non-profit to provide free masks to people who need them, according to a university press release.

“If everyone wore a mask, we could stop up to 99 per cent of these droplets before they reach someone else,” Westman said. “About half of infections are from people who don’t show symptoms, and often don’t know they’re infected. They can unknowingly spread the virus when they cough, sneeze and just talk.”

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